ah, yeah, i see what you mean. i hope i'm not sounding argumentative, i'm just trying to explain my point of view on it. there are in fact some benefits to doing things the currently 'best' way, even if it's not the way most of us would like it to be:
you usually have more dwarves than there are jobs that need doing; and when it comes to crafts you want most skilled dwarves doing them. if for example your farmer made chairs whenever he wasn't farming, he might be 'taking away' the job from your main carpenter, thereby slowing the carpenter's advance in skill.
idlers gain social skills which boost their stats
some jobs you want done -only- by your very skilled dwarves, like mining out a metal vein with your legendary miner for the maximum resource yield instead of your dabbling miner/farmer because your legendary happens to be on break.
but back to the original issue, i don't think there is a well established order of priorities when it comes to jobs. it would require alot of (likely imprecise) experimentation. although if someone's done it, i'd like to see it as well, it'd be a valuable resource 
You mean I'll be forced to have Idlers?!
...
I... I cannot come to terms with this...
The Craftsmen problem is easily solved though using the Workshop Profile option . I have several workshops, one soley for my expert mason, and the rest for apprentices. They make blocks and he makes doors and whatever I need.
As for the rest...
Like you said though if there isn't a list I hope somone makes one.