Clay and marble were usually quarried rather than mined. (That is, they just dug the entire top of the site off and then dug a pit down into the material.)
Coal mining is a good example of underground digging with a mostly horizontal orebody. Google "longwall mining" to get some diagrams on one way that works.
Also the Wikipedia article on underground mining is pretty good and has several diagrams of different techniques and mine features.
Well actually one of the links here (probably my one about roman mining) mentioned clay mining. The galleries were smaller so miners had to lay on their backs to dig.
Longwall mining gave some better results but I'm going to need awhile to sort through the terminology.
I got some historical date with how Chinese ancient mine working which can date back to 12th century B.C. But it will be a lot of work to translate them. I will make a short brief with one of them. A famous one is Aeruginous Mountain ancient copper mine at Daye County, Hubei Province. It's a deep mine into the mountain, and it's not just produce copper, but iron, cobalt, gold and silver.
They used shaft, level shaft(gallery), blind shaft, and inclined shaft. It also used a kind of tool to determine what rich the mineral is at that point. (washing/flowing the ore down with water to check). And using premade wooden structure to support the shaft/drift. (60cm x 60cm to 110cm or 130cm). And using pulley to lift the raw ore. And there are some blind shaft was used to collect the excessive underground water or rains. And dumping shaft to fill the useless rocks/leftover. There are theories that it either dig from the side of the hill and then dig down, or dig down then branched out with levels of galleries.
And when the ore is transferred to the surface, it will be melt right away into ingot or processed minerals before transporting else where.
http://203.68.243.199/cpedia/Content.asp?ID=69486
What is a blind shaft? All my searches just turn up some movie.
Well, due to geology training i can map out veins for minerals, most of the damn work was blasting and knocking on the walls to hear any echoing in the walls.
so what do you need?
Well I haven't actually seen any explicit description of how a gallery runs through veins. If there is evidence of several veins of desired material do you send out shafts after each one? Mine one out then start a shaft at whatever point is close to the next? Send out numerous shafts in parallel? Judging by longwall mining people don't ever quite do a grid but if I interpreted the pictures correctly they like to make two galleries next to each other (one way traffic?) with periodic access punched between them.
It seems at least that they never mined completely blind but aside from retreat mining how do you get at material that's past the walls of the gallery? I assume that making them too wide risks a collapse and obviously there are at least some materials distributed in a way that's wider than you would want to make the gallery.
Heh...I had to look up "Aeruginous"...never knew that was a word. I'm assuming that's Tonglushan? Better translation might be "Green Copper Mountain" (it's referring to verdigris, the greenish patina that forms on copper. Think Statue of Liberty.)
To be honest, prior to the industrial age and the steam engine, mines just weren't very extensive. It took a tremendous amount of man-hours to cut into a mountain, and the technology and engineering hadn't developed to allow bracing of tunnels that went very deep (either horizontally or vertically). Most mines were enlarged natural caves, or were relatively shallow by modern methods. You have to remember that this was an age before geology as a science or ground-penetrating radar or any of that sort of thing. If there was a mine, it was because somebody could tell from the surface that there was something work digging out. Which meant at least part of the vein was shallow or even exposed. And often it was more effective to strip mine/quarry it out rather than messing about with tunnels.
That's part of why I don't want to base my perception of old mines on things like the wikipedia articles about coal mining.
So like one shaft and one or two galleries going off of it about as far as you could expect a line of dudes to hand off buckets of water, whether or not water was actually an issue in that particular mine? I read that a few went on for a kilometer or more but I don't know if that's just one gallery now why they wouldn't branch it or if there are particular distances they'd want to keep between galleries in less sturdy rock.
The article about Medieval mining says that around 1200 or so a lot of the shallow mines dried up so they started putting more effort into getting below the water table and such. Were these mines more extensive at all or just kind of the same thing but into areas with difficult water and circulation conditions?