Good example, although not neurological, is the military. Men are on average stronger than women, which is a desirable trait in the military.
Pain resistance and cooperation are also desirable traits in the military, often moreso than physical strength in a modern army, and women on average have the advantage there.
Part of the myriad issues with that kind of reasoning is that people, in general, are often
remarkably bad at actually identifying what heuristic is going to produce the best outcomes of a particular organization. You see it with all sorts of qualifying practices, from SATs and such, to physicals, to basic resume shit. There's ways to at-least-be-better at that sort of thing (that involves a lot of effort and second guessing and we're still not super
good at it but still), but in general when the processes involved are applied to any sort of hiring/recruitment practice, they end up looking roughly fuck-all like the previous "best" practices, which are often enough found to have actually been shite :V
... anyway, tl;dr, we try to do that but like with driving and standing straight and all sorts of things we're generally not good at it, like actively bad holy shit how do we not die more kinda' dealio. Theoretically is a good way of putting it, very "understatement chic", heh.