1) Set your off-duty dwarves to on-duty ('m'ilitary screen), and you can recruit more dwarves to the military from the same screen. Also, some dwarfs will train quite readily, while others never do, it seems to be related to their preferences, have you checked those screens for any correlation? I don't think there's any way to get dwarfs to train in a specific barracks, but I haven't tried.
2) Currently animal care has no use, the pup will either heal on her own, or you may be better off sending her to your friendly neighborhood butcher.
3) You can buy turtle from traders for some shell.
4) Is your mason grabbing a stone that is located exactly beneath his workshop? If so, find all of that stone and either [d]'f'orbid it or [d]'d'ump it and make sure that the stockpile you want him to use is located right next to (or directly beneath/above) the workshop.
5) Currently, if you don't have sand, there's no way of getting it, but it's been requested in the suggestions forum that we be allowed to trade for sand and/or various glass.
Edit: Beaten to the post...
[ January 09, 2008: Message edited by: Dame de la Licorne ]