I think I know what's going on. I have uploaded the file with situation which baffled me:
http://dffd.bay12games.com/file.php?id=11952so anyone can test if the cats survive or not. I would suggest changing a particular line in announcements.txt to
[CAVE_COLLAPSE:A_D:D_D]
which will disable collapse spam from burning trees. The three cats wait for the fire chained at level 100.
During summer I was unable to successfully repeat the experiment, i.e. cats were dying. I was monitoring temperatures of their body parts. It seems they are even more resistant than tissues alone would be, because the temperature of body parts are calculated for a whole part, and effective specific heat is a sum of specific heats from all layers of the part, and some are counted multiple times, because they are deeper/thicker. For example, the teeth have the lowest total "specific heat", and they heat fastest. So during forest fire the body parts never actually achieve the temperature needed for ignition (or even for heat damage), because fire passes too quickly. However, they may be damaged, presumably because of low fat melting temperature (this temperature can be exceeded by temperature of a whole part and nothing bad happens, but only for a while). When they are damaged, it's upper body and head which go first, for some reason.
I was comparing achieved temperatures during winter (as in the save), and during summer. Summer temperatures are higher. If I'm right this is the difference between life and death for the cats. And also for the objects. In the save there is a wren remains near the North-Western cat. It survives surrounding fire too, albeit badly damaged. To test it more, I'll have to wait for the next winter.
Lack of fuel, like clothes or dropped logs, helps in surviving, because otherwise they would act as an additional source of high temperature. But they don't create the "A Fire" status (projectile? Plasma?).
It is possible to save the summer cat by stopping bleeding. I used CheatEngine for that. There is no heat damage, unless you count molten fat.
I'll make more experiments, but for now I'd say that this fire is not very dangerous.
There does seem to be a disconnect here. I ran a test in the object arena:
1. Test chamber complete with roof and 100 test cats.
2. The dragon breathes fire at the sacrificial bobcat, setting the grass ablaze.
3. The fire spreads downwards, and the cats cower by the far wall to escape the flames.
4. When the fire reaches the wall, the cats are roasted, die from massive blood loss, and their corpses are incinerated.
5. Of 100 test cats, zero survived the flames (a mortality rate of 100%). I'd say that's plenty dangerous.
Have you made any modifications to the raws that could account for your less-than-lethal fires?
I haven't modified raws, except graphics. What is the ambient temperature? Is it possible to set it somehow in arena? Because my cats survive when the temperature is 9999-10000 Urists (and it was snowing recently, but I doubt it matters), but not when 10030. When the temperature is between, some may survive, some not. Or maybe the reason is completely different, but they apparently can survive under certain, naturally occurring circumstances.