How much procedural construction of paragraphs does Cataclysm DDA actually do? Is there anything akin to the musical form constructions? Or even the artifacts? Let alone Mythgen...
Cataclysm DDA doesn't do any procedural text generation beyond parameter insertion. There's probably support for massaging the translated text to transform things properly, but that's a concern for translators only, not coders, which is a sensible division of labor, although there are sometimes (rather sensible) requests from translators to modify things a little to allow texts to be translated properly.
Code wise you enclose all (non debug) text in a special wrapper that then (I believe) results in the generation of files with text snippets to translate and some comparison then filters out the ones that are new/changed for translators to chew on. Thus, it's easy for coders to add text: follow the established rules and translators will have to process the results (and draconic automated code checking will reject your code if you don't follow each and every rules precisely to the character, including formatting).
For JSON data (very roughly corresponding to RAWs) you just use English text, and I assume that then gets handed to translators in a manner similar to how text in the code is provided based on data tag parsing that known whether a string is a UI string or an identifier.
Can it be done for DF? Probably. Would it be easy? Probably not. At best it would be a huge amount of sheer work, and at worse (but probably not worst) it would require a restructuring of everything text related to export the information in a format that provides enough context to be worked with (does the single word "die" from a list of words refer to the things you roll or the end of existence, for instance).